Like any 8-day-old baby, Jimmy Gaffney spends most of his time either nursing or sleeping. Peacefully alternating between the two while cradled in his mother’s arms in the family’s sun-dappled Hamilton backyard, the robust newborn looks like a promotional photograph for parenthood. And yet, so far as the state and city of his birth are concerned, this baby does not officially exist.
He was born at home, in May, with only his mother and father, Alana and Matt Gaffney, in attendance (his two excited siblings, who had slept through most of the five-hour labor that culminated in his 4 a.m. birth, came in just as their father was placing the freshly born baby on his mother’s chest). The family is in no rush to notify the authorities about Jimmy’s birth; they have been taking it easy for the past week, sticking close to home and bonding with the new addition while Alana recovers. A call to register his birth with the Baltimore City Health Department will summon a visit from a home nurse, and the Gaffneys are not quite ready for outsiders, particularly bureaucrats asking a lot of questions about a process they regard as utterly natural–and completely private.
Although they have health insurance that would have paid for a hospital delivery, Alana and Matt managed Jimmy’s birth entirely on their own; Alana even administered her own prenatal care. Neither is a doctor; she is trained as a nurse and Matt is a wildlife biologist, so there is a certain amount of medical/scientific experience between them, but it’s hardly the job experience most people look for when hiring a birth attendant. In fact, 99 percent of women in the United States give birth in a hospital; the remaining one percent of births include all births outside the hospital, including accidental births (as in, say, the back seat of a taxi).
Thus it is impossible to say how many of the nation’s annual 4 million births take place at home. Not all states track births outside of hospitals, and those that do typically classify intentional home births together with the kind attended by taxi drivers. Furthermore, in Maryland and other states where certified professional midwives cannot legally practice, many midwife-attended births end up being recorded as unassisted to keep the midwife off the bureaucratic radar.
Disenchanted with a medical system that treats birth as an emergency instead of an emergence, seeking an alternative to the tubes and wires and monitors of a high-tech birth, some women are stepping outside of the hospital to have their babies. And some say their numbers are growing.
But is home birth safe? No studies exist for unattended births like Jimmy Gaffney’s, but there are dozens demonstrating that, in low-risk pregnancies, home births attended by a midwife are as safe for mother and baby as going to the hospital. The largest and most scientifically rigorous home-birth study to date, sponsored by the Canadian government, followed all 5,418 planned home births across the United States and Canada attended by Certified Practical Midwives in 2000. The authors concluded that babies are born as safely at home as they are in the hospital, and with vastly fewer interventions like cesarean section, the use of forceps, or episiotomy; other recent studies, including a 1995 study of 11,788 intentional home births under midwife care published in the Journal of Nurse Midwifery, have reached the same conclusion.
Despite evidence that it is safe, “I think some people shy away from home birth because of the responsibility,” Alana Gaffney says. “If you’re at home, attended or unattended, and something happens to the baby, it’s your fault for not seeking appropriate medical care. But if you go to the hospital and something happens, you’re guilt free. No one is going to say anything to you–it’s just one of those things that happens.”
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